| Abstract | Map Ta Phut (MTP) industrial port, owned by Industrial Estate Authority of Thailand (IEAT), occupies approximately 2.8 kilometers of shoreline with breakwaters of about 4.8 kilometers in length. The port feeds raw materials into industrial factories located in the nearby MTP industrial estate. The major environmental problems related to coastal zone are port-induced coastal erosion and marine pollution around the port. Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) framework is applied to address these problems in order to achieve a more socially, environmentally, and economically sustainable development. The first part of this study deals with erosion management. Tools used were overlay of aerial photographs and satellite images, coastal engineering softwares (LITPACK and MIKE21 PMS), and environmental economics. The research showed that the existence of MTP port altered wave and sediment transport patterns, leading to shoreline erosion. Future shoreline prediction suggested that nearby Nam Rin beach, which is utilized for public recreation, would be eroded away in 5 years. To visualize benefit of the common beach conservation and to include non-use and option values into consideration, the contingent valuation (CV) was applied and revealed that the value of Nam Rin beach was approximately 2.11 million US dollars annually. If deciding to protect the beach for the public’s sake, IEAT will rarely choose the protection options that have the costs larger than the benefits. Since IEAT does not gain revenue from the beach, it may consider the monetary beach value, derived from the CV, as a proxy for the benefit of beach protection. The costs of beach protection programs are relatively easier to calculate. “Soft” or “hard” options that not only have potentials in social and engineering senses but are also economically reasonable may be chosen based on further cost-benefit analysis. Marine pollution around MTP port, which is another concerned environmental problem, is dealt with in the second part of the study. It starts with a technical investigation of cumulative effects assessment (CEA), showing that activities at MTP port and industrial estate influence marine water quality via numerous pathways. Analysis of monitoring data indicated that water around the port experienced high concentrations of heavy metals. Cluster analysis and field measurements confirmed the role of IEAT’s drainage canal in carrying land-based pollutants. The second part continues with an evaluation of IEAT’s performance to control potential pollution sources (being ships and industrial factories). Environmental performance indicators, which integrated ISO14001 and port state control (PSC), were established and assessed. The findings showed that IEAT’s overall environmental performance demanded a continuous improvement to promote ISO14001 certifications among its factories and ship terminals, and to communicate and construct trustworthy relationships with communities. IEAT was not fully aware of the environmental effects created by its activities since its monitoring program did not cover some pollution parameters that are specific to its activities. It should be more determined to take care of the pollution by establishing a mechanism to control foreign ships, punishing culprits who disobey its regulations, and increasing the number of its staff. Its preparedness level required a constant development on emergency plan preparations. IEAT should organize training topics related to port operations to its personnel. Finally, environmental policy of IEAT was good since it was universal and flexible enough to address the pollution problem. The management of marine pollution consequently moves down to a more detailed study on synergy for collective pollution management. This section uses the case study of IEAT’s drainage canal to reveal constraints to collective action and their associated origins. Potential stakeholders agreed that there was a need to work together. However, the process of collective action was halted by the lack of trust. The constraints to collective action discovered in this study were a) distrust and confidence shortages, b) delay and slowness, c) information sharing, d) different perceived significance of the problem, e) closed-heartedness, f) unfairness and envy, g) culture, h) leaderless condition, i) capacity of stakeholders, j) community spoilage, and k) disheartenment. Knowing what the constraints are is not enough to solve the problem. What increases the synergistic possibility is the elimination of the causes of each constraint. Therefore, origins of each constraint were also unearthed. In addition to eliminating the constraints, the stakeholders are required to have certain attitudes towards sustainable development embedded in their minds. Twelve groups of management principles elicited from various international events were summarized and the attitudes that each potential stakeholder should have, according to each principle, are presented. In conclusion, ICZM framework has proved capable in addressing environmental problems created by MTP industrial port and industrial estate, particularly port-induced erosion and marine pollution. The erosion management of the public beach is addressed by a combination of engineering and economic science. Meanwhile, IEAT can improve the marine pollution management by 1) strengthening its weak environmental performance aspects, and 2) increasing the possibility of collective pollution management by getting rid of the synergy constraints and their corresponding origins. The study can therefore, be regarded as the prototype in managing environmental problems created by the industrial port in Thailand, and can be extended, modified, or applied to suit other similar port developments around the world. |