Detoxification process of jatropha seed cake and potential of value-added products | |
| Author | Umapron Sadubthummarak |
| Call Number | AIT Diss. no.EV-14-07 |
| Subject(s) | Jatropha Jatropha curcas oil |
| Note | A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Environmental Engineering and Management Inter - University Program on Environmental Toxicity, Technology and Management |
| Publisher | Asian Institute of Technology |
| Series Statement | Dissertation ; no. EV-14-07 |
| Abstract | Jatropha seed cake is produced from jatropha oil industry as the jatropha waste, since jatropha seed can be extracted to a high - quality biodiesel. As expected, huge amount of jatropha waste will be distributed ; for every 4 tons of jatropha seeds, 1 ton of jatropha oil can be produced, consequently, 3 tons of jatropha seed cake or jatropha waste remained. Mismanagement of the j atropha waste from jatropha oil industries would lead to contaminate the environment affecting to the living organism by entering the food chain. However, jatropha seed cake contains high amount of protein and other nutrients, but it has a drawback due to its toxic compounds. For that reason, this study is aimed to explore the methods applied to detoxify the main toxin; phorbol esters in jatropha seed cake to a safe and acceptable level. Phorbol esters are known as the potential tumor promoter and hence e xhibited the toxicity in a broad range of species, thus phorbol esters must be detoxified and several methods were tested for reducing the toxicity of the seed cake. The results from this investigation showed that the heat treatments at either 120 °C or 220 °C for 1 hour and then mixed with adsorbing bentonite (10%), nanoparticles of zinc oxide (100 ug/g) plus NaHCO 3 at 4% followed by a 4 week incubation period yielded the best final product. The remaining phorbol esters concentration (0.05 - 0.04 mg/g) from th is treatment was less comparing to the non - toxic jatropha varieties (0.11 - 0.27 mg/g). Nutritional values of the cake after treatment remained at the same level found in the control. These included crude protein (20.47 - 21.40 + 0.17 - 0.25 %) , crude lipid (14.2 7 - 14.68 + 0.13 - 0.14 % ) and crude fiber ( 27.33 - 29.67 + 0.58 %). Cytotoxicity tests which conducted using L929 and NHDF cell line confirmed that most of the toxic compounds, especially phorbol esters were shown as almost completely eliminated. The results also suggested that the detoxification of phorbol esters residues in the jatropha seed cake was possible and it retains nutritional values unchanged. However, additional tests such as digestibility as well as the acceptability of the treated ja tropha seed cake as a material for animal food source should be conducted using both in vivo and in vitro studies before recommending to using as a substitute for soybean meal. Moreover, this study is aimed to indicate that the large volume of jatropha w aste and toxic phorbol esters will be eliminated through aerobic composting method. The result showed that the application of 4% NaHCO 3 mixture with composted jatropha seed cake resulted to decrease phorbol esters 83.33% (0.10 mg/g) and has the highest ger mination rate (94.30%) within 12 weeks. Conclusively, the aerobic composting technique mixed 4%NaHCO 3 is considered to reduce jatropha toxins or phorbol esters, and jatropha fertilizer can be potentially useful for application in agriculture. Therefore, th e best methods to detoxifying phorbol esters are necessary to minimize the risk of using jatropha seed cake as value added products and reduce the possible human health and environmental impacts which generated from jatropha waste. |
| Year | 2014 |
| Corresponding Series Added Entry | Asian Institute of Technology. Dissertation ; no. EV-14-07 |
| Type | Dissertation |
| School | School of Environment, Resources, and Development (SERD) |
| Department | Department of Energy and Climate Change (Former title: Department of Energy, Environment, and Climate Change (DEECC)) |
| Academic Program/FoS | Environmental Engineering (EV) |
| Chairperson(s) | Thammarat Koottatep ;Mathuros Ruchirawat (Co-Chairperson) |
| Examination Committee(s) | Chongrak Polprasert ;Athapol Noomhorm |
| Scholarship Donor(s) | Chulabhorn Research Institute ;Mahidol University |
| Degree | Thesis (Ph.D.) - Asian Institute of Technology - Chulabhorn Research Institute - Mahidol University, 2014 |