An assessment on urban energy access in the slum areas of Shwe Pyi Thar Township, Yangon City, Myanmar | |
| Author | Aung Phonn Kyaw |
| Call Number | AIT Thesis no.ET-14-21 |
| Subject(s) | Energy consumption--Myanmar--Yangon Renewable energy sources--Myanmar--Yangon Urban poor--Myanmar--Yangon |
| Note | A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Engineering in Energy |
| Publisher | Asian Institute of Technology |
| Abstract | Energy access plays as vital role for socio economic development. According to UNDP 2011, there were 2.7 billion people who lack of modern energy use. 2 billion people in Asia pacific mainly used traditional biomass in cooking. 1.4 billion People do not have access electricity in Asia Pacific. Myanmar is now transition period and now reentering global economy. Energy plays as important sector for socioeconomic upgrading. Myanmar new government is now targeting to increase GDP growth rate in 7.7%. Energy access is basic infrastructure in order to address barriers and challenges to develop for not only economic growth but also socio economic development in the nation. The objective of this study is to assess current energy access status in different energy use for lighting and cooking in urban poor in Yangon city, to understand the linkage of modern energy access in productive use of energy in small scale enterprise in slum area and to indentify barriers and give recommendation to address the barriers for modern energy access improvement. 81.3 % of households have already accessed electricity in more than 10 year ago and 18.7 % of household still do not have access electricity because of illegal settlement, high upfront meter installation cost and grid line restriction for whom grid supply reach far away from above 300 feet. 98.36% of households connected electricity from EPC and only 1.64 percentage of households connect electricity from their neighbors with fixed payment method. 81.3 percentages of urban poor households in Shwe Pyi Thar Township use electricity and then followed by 16% use battery and only 2.7 percentage use candle light for their lighting purposes. For those who use batteries have energy expenditure which is 10 times pay compare to minimum electricity expenditure 35 kyat for 1KWh with the average electricity consumption per month is 0.5 KWh. Although most of the slum dwellers have already accessed in Shwe Pyi Thar Township, 70.5% of households use LED charge light, followed by 21.3%, 0.8% and 7.4% for candle light, generator and batteries as the secondary source of lighting when frequent black occurs. For cooking purposes, 40% of urban poor use charcoal followed by 38% use electricity, 18.7% for firewood and 3.3% do not use any fuel source for cooking. None of the households use LPG as the primary source of fuel for cooking because of high upfront LPG cost, lack of awareness how to use LPG and LPG outlets are not easily accessible nearby slum communities. 55 small scale enterprises have been identified in the productive use of modern energy access in Tea shops and restaurants, grocery shop, computer and copy shops, other service providers such as welding, TV game and internet service, electronic and mobile repair service etc. It is also indentified the enterprises ownerships, role of enterprises and enterprises average income on different income levels of enterprises in both Townships. In Shwe Pyi Thar Township, 98% of enterprises have already accessed electricity from EPC and 100% of enterprises do not have access electricity from EPC. Enterprises which are using electricity from EPC pay electricity bill on their unit KWh consumption. On the other hands, the enterprises without electricity access share from their neighboring generators have agreement payment on the use of equipment type and only allowed for lighting and watching TV. 100 kyat is fixed for only one lighting and 350 kyat in only one lighting and one TV sets. The individual household in East Dagon Township pays more daily electricity expenditure at least 10 times compare to minimum electricity price 35 kyat from EPC per KWh. Moreover, many impacts of modern energy access in enterprises income, productivity, and health, social aspects and working hours. Recommendations for further study also provided based on the field observation, household survey in Yangon city. |
| Year | 2014 |
| Type | Thesis |
| School | School of Environment, Resources, and Development |
| Department | Department of Energy and Climate Change (Former title: Department of Energy, Environment, and Climate Change (DEECC)) |
| Academic Program/FoS | Energy Technology (ET) |
| Chairperson(s) | Kumar, Sivanappan; |
| Examination Committee(s) | Salam, Abdul P.;Dhakal, Shobhakar; |
| Scholarship Donor(s) | Asian Institute of Technology Fellowship; |
| Degree | Thesis (M.Eng.) - Asian Institute of Technology, 2014 |