Assessment of air quality and climate co-benefit for urban public transport : a case study of Bangkok Metropolitan Region | |
| Author | Aue-Enndu Vilaiphorn |
| Call Number | AIT Thesis no.EV-10-01 |
| Subject(s) | Air quality--Evaluation--Thailand--Bangkok Urban transportation--Evaluation--Thailand--Bangkok Climatic changes--Evaluation--Thailand--Bangkok |
| Note | A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Engineering in Environmental Engineering and Management |
| Publisher | Asian Institute of Technology |
| Abstract | Public transportation in the Bangkok Metropolitan Region (BMR) is an essential mean for people mobility. The objectives for this study are to identify the current traffic emission and quantify the co-benefits on air quality and climate change mitigation of selected scenarios focusing on public vehicles (i.e. BMTA buses, BMTA vans, and taxis). The International Vehicle Emissions (IVE) model was used for emission inventory of the public transport vehicles in BMR for the base year of 2009.The emission prediction was done for 2015 and 2025 under the business as usual (BAU) and 2 technology implementation scenarios. To apply IVE, local specific data were collected using questionnaires survey, GPS survey as well as vehicle counting on selected roads. The survey results show that in 2009 most of taxis and vans in BMR used CNG at 62.9 % and 82.4 %, respectively, while major fuel in buses was still diesel, accounted for 51 %. The vehicle mileage was mostly above than 161,000 km or approximately 5-10 years old. All vans and some buses operate from 6 am to 10 pm with fixed route driving while most taxis in BMR are running on-road for all day with 2 shifts. The driving pattern showed the operation in Bin 11 for studied vehicles. The densest volume of vehicles is in the morning rush hours (7 am to 9 am). All correction factors were applied in IVE to produce the emission factors (EF) for BMR conditions. The base adjustment was done using the chassis emission testing results of the Pollution Control Department of Thailand. The IVE results for the base year show that totally the considered public transport vehicles emitted 8,986 tons CO, 1,650 tons VOC, 1,190 tons VOC evaporative, 4,265 tons NOx, 32 tons SOx, 156 tons PM10, 551,727 tons CO₂, 35 tons N₂O, 1,596tons CH₄, 38 tons BC, 50 tons OC, and 32 tons sulfate in 2009. Under the BAU scenario the emission would be 19,113 tons in 2015 and 26,052 tons in 2025, respectively. The first technology scenario assumed that all considered public vehicles would switch to CNG with 100 % of buses use 3 ways catalyst , while vans and taxis would have a share of 50 % Ultra Low Emission Vehicle (ULEV) and 50% Super Ultra Low Emission Vehicle (SULEV) each. In scenario 2, 50% of buses will be CNG-powered with 3-way catalyst the other 50 % use fuel cells. For vans and taxi, 50 % would be hybrid (electric-CNG) and 50 % is SULEV. It was found that most common pollutants are reduced under scenario 1, i.e. CO (40%), VOC (99%), VOC evaporative (64%), NOx (10%), and PM10 (93%). More reduction was obtained for scenario 2, i.e.CO (93%), VOC (100%), VOC evaporative (81%), NOx (61%), and PM (97%). The climate forcing agents (greenhouse gases, black carbon, organic carbon, VOC, NOx and ozone formation potential) measured in CO₂ equivalent over for 20 year horizon in 2009 would be 1,081,685 tons/year. In the BAU, the CO₂ equivalent would increase by 17.5 % in 2015 and 60 % in 2025. As compared to BAU, CO₂ equivalent emission decreased in 2015 by 7.3% to scenario 1, 40.7% to scenario 2 and in 2025 by 8.2 %to scenario 1 and 40.9 % to scenario 2. Thus, technology implementation for emission reduction considered in this study can bring both air quality and climate co-benefit potentials. |
| Year | 2010 |
| Type | Thesis |
| School | School of Environment, Resources, and Development (SERD) |
| Department | Department of Energy and Climate Change (Former title: Department of Energy, Environment, and Climate Change (DEECC)) |
| Academic Program/FoS | Environmental Engineering (EV) |
| Chairperson(s) | Nguyen, Thi Kim Oanh; |
| Examination Committee(s) | Shipin, Oleg V.;Rattapon Onchang; |
| Scholarship Donor(s) | Asian Institute of Technology Fellowship; |
| Degree | Thesis (M.Eng.) - Asian Institute of Technology, 2010 |