| Abstract | Emission from residential combustion contributes to air pollution burden and climate change in the world. Surabaya city is the second largest metropolitan city in Indonesia, which has a high population growth. Currently, a detail emission inventory (EI) of residential combustion is not available in Surabaya City. The aims of this study were to provide EI for solid waste open burning (SWOB) and cooking activity including temporal and spatial distribution and analyze co-benefit to climate of emission reduction measures. Data were obtained from questionnaires and relevant government offices and companies. A stratified random sampling design was used which yielded a sampling size of 594 households. EI calculation was done using the Atmospheric Brown Cloud Emission Inventory Manual (ABC EIM) Excel book with relevant available EFs in Indonesia and Thailand.
Results of this study showed the annual emissions (2012) from SWOB activity of SO2, NOx, CO, NMVOC, PM10, PM25, NH3, BC,OC,CH4, CO2, and N2O were 100, 33, 5720, 199, 105, 4, 13, 12, 71, 106, 149000, and 2 tons/year, respectively. The corresponding values from cooking activity were 29, 172, 1010, 91, 75, 69, 10, 26, 40, 117, 318000, and 9 tons/year, respectively. The SWOB activity in several development area contributed the highest emissions of SO2, NOX, CO, NMVOC, PM10, NH3, BC, OC, CH4, CO2, PM2.5 and N2O, while the highest PM2.5 was sub urban area. Cooking activity in urban areas contributed the highest amount of BC, OC, NMVOC, CO, PM2.5, PM10, NH3 and CH4 while in several development and urban areas it contributed the highest of SO2, NOx, CO2, and N2O. The SWOB activity had the highest of emission occurred in the afternoon and in dry season. cooking activity had emission peaks occurred in the morning and the afternoon without significant difference between seasons.
For SWOB activity, expanding service of mix SW collection and transportation in all area (100%) with SW reuse, recycle, composting practices at sources as scenario would reduced air hazardous pollutant was 79% (515 tons/year). This scenario had benefit climate were 27 Gg CO2 eq (84%) for 20 years and 21 Gg CO2 eq (86%) for 100 years. For cooking activity, LPG consumption at 100% as scenario would mitigate air hazardous pollutant was 58% (1,525 tons/year). This scenario had benefit climate were 49 Gg CO2 eq (13%) for in 20 years and 42 Gg CO2 eq (13%) for 100 years. Recommendation for this study is further research should be EI estimation from SWOB activity use specific EFs base on SW types, scenario with span frame time and projection should be conducted and incorporated in co-benefit analysis and health co benefit analysis should be conducted. |