Development of air pollution emission inventory for shipping activities in Ha Long Bay, Vietnam | |
| Author | Truong Thi Huyen |
| Call Number | AIT Thesis no.EV-19-23 |
| Subject(s) | Carbon dioxide mitigation--Vietnam--Ha Long Bay Air--Pollution--Vietnam--Ha Long Bay Air quality management--Vietnam--Ha Long Bay |
| Note | A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Environmental Engineering and Management |
| Publisher | Asian Institute of Technology |
| Abstract | Air pollution is a serious issue in Vietnam which is mainly caused by intensive emissions from human activities. Key sources include the on-road mobile, non-road mobile, industrial, residential cooking and biomass open burning. Previous studies showed that the on-road mobile source contributes significantly to the pollution load in the country. However, none of the studies have produced any comprehensive non-road mobile source emissions such as aviation, locomotive and shipping which may be equally important in Vietnam due to its long coastal line and many large river systems. This study attempts to fill in the gap by conducting an emission inventory (EI) for shipping activities in Ha Long Bay of Vietnam. The annual 2018 emissions with the spatial distribution and seasonal variation of the Bay shipping activity were prepared and evaluated using the satellite data. EI for 2015 before new diesel quality (lower sulfur fuel) was developed and compared to the emission results of 2018 to see the effects of the intervention. The shipping activity data were collected using a survey while the emission factors were calculated for main engine and auxiliary engine of the ships used in the Bay using the USEPA method. The local vessels were segregated into 4 types (passenger, fishing, cargo and maintenance vessels) for the EI. The total annual emissions in 2018 of NOx, SO2, CO2, CO, PM10, PM2.5, BC, OC, NMHC and CH4 were 1,240; 114; 166; 81,018; 28.4; 26.2; 8.12; 5.21; 57.6 and 1.18 tons/year, respectively. Passenger vessels were the main contributors to the total shipping emissions. Passenger vessels accounted for 72% of NOx emission, 73% of CO, NMHC and CH4 emission. This vessel group also contributed 48% emission of PM10, PM2.5, BC and OC. Fishing vessels were responsible for 4-6% of emissions of every considered pollutant. Maintenance vessels shared less than 0.2% of the emissions on average. The main engine was the dominant contribution of the total emission of each vessel category (except overnight cruiser of passenger vessels) and accounted for around 60%-80% of the emission shares. The spatial distribution of pollutants was generated by the ArcMap v.10.5 which showed higher emission intensities along with the passenger and international vessel routes. The monthly variation of emission showed that June, December and November are the busiest months of passenger vessels which also had the highest monthly emissions. The lowest emissions happened in February and September. The emission of SO2 and PM reduced significantly by the improvement of fuel quality from DO 0.25%S to DO 0.05%S. The emission results for 2018 showed that the SO2 emissions declined by 44%. Emission of PM10 and PM2.5, and their components (BC and OC) decreased by 20%. The reduction of SO2 and PM emission mainly came from local vessels since the international vessel group was not affected by the intervention. Based on the emission results, the various management measures were recommended including fuel quality improvement, technology development, management strategies and policy reforms. The results are comparable with the data extracted from the international shipping EI in other regional studies but have been improved by using the detail activity data collected for the local vessels in this study. The EI results serve as the first step toward the development of the emission reduction strategies for the Bay. The results can be used to prepare the input to 3D air quality modeling to further assess the effects of the emissions to ambient air quality and associated effects. |
| Year | 2019 |
| Type | Thesis |
| School | School of Environment, Resources, and Development (SERD) |
| Department | Department of Energy and Climate Change (Former title: Department of Energy, Environment, and Climate Change (DEECC)) |
| Academic Program/FoS | Environmental Engineering and Management (EV) |
| Chairperson(s) | Ekbordin Winijkul; |
| Examination Committee(s) | Nguyen, Thi Kim Oanh;Visvanathan, C.; |
| Scholarship Donor(s) | Deutscher Akademischer Austausch Dienst (DAAD), Germany;Asian Institute of Technology Fellowship; |
| Degree | Thesis (M.Sc.) - Asian Institute of Technology, 2019 |