Development of emission inventory for passenger boats and ferries on the inland waterways in Bangkok | |
| Author | Kanyapak Kakanantadilok |
| Call Number | AIT Thesis no.EV-20-03 |
| Subject(s) | Inland water transportation--Thailand--Bangkok Air--Pollution--Thailand--Bangkok |
| Note | A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Engineering in Environmental Engineering and Management |
| Publisher | Asian Institute of Technology |
| Abstract | Emission inventory of the public inland water transport in Bangkok was developed in this study. The inventory focused on emission from commuting boats in the Chao Phraya River and the Saen Saep canal. The emission was calculated based on the methodology of NONROAD model in which the emission factors were estimated by using engine power, engine ages and technology types in Bangkok. The boat activity data, i.e., load factor, travelling distance, boat trips and operating time of cruising and idling were collected by survey, while the secondary data, i.e., engine age, engine technology, number of boats, fuel quality and engine power were collected by interview. The annual public inland water transport emission in 2019 of hydrocarbon (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), non-methane hydrocarbon (NMHC), methane (CH4), ammonia (NH3), nitrous oxide (N2O), carbon monoxide (CO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), particulate matter (PM10, PM2.5), black carbon (BC) and organic carbon (OC) were 24.1, 195.9, 317.6, 23, 0.9, 0.03, 0.2, 19011.5, 0.6, 12.5, 12.1, 6.1 and 2.4 tons/year, respectively. The Chao Phraya boats were the main contributors to the total PM2.5 emission which emitted 5.4 tons/year or 44.9% of total PM2.5 emission in this study. For CO emission which mainly contributed while idling, Chao Phraya boats were also the main contributors with the emission of 78.4 tons/year or 40.7% of total CO emission. The emission intensities in term of emission per kilometer-passenger in this study from the Chao Phraya and Saen Saep boats were almost the same as those of buses and vans in Bangkok. However, the emission intensity of the cross river ferries was much higher than those of the buses and vans in Bangkok due to its short operating distances. The spatial distribution of the emission showed higher emission along the Chao Phraya river routes than Saen Saep river due to more frequent boat trips. The hourly emission showed the highest emission in the Chao Phraya boats during 7.00-8.00 a.m. and 5.00-6.00 p.m. on the weekday. On the weekend, the high emission was also observed on the Chao Phraya boats during 9.00 a.m.-6.00 p.m. Three scenarios were investigated in term of emission reduction in this study. Scenario one with Tier 4 engine and 10 ppm Sulfur fuel provided highest emission reduction of PM, CO and SO2. Scenario two where sulfur in fuel was reduced to 10 ppm and scenario three where the idling time was reduced to 50% of the current situation showed significant emission reduction in term of SO2 and CO, but not PM2.5. Finally, the emission reduction measures were recommended based on the outputs of the three scenarios. |
| Year | 2020 |
| Type | Thesis |
| School | School of Environment, Resources, and Development (SERD) |
| Department | Department of Energy and Climate Change (Former title: Department of Energy, Environment, and Climate Change (DEECC)) |
| Academic Program/FoS | Environmental Engineering and Management (EV) |
| Chairperson(s) | Ekbordin Winijkul; |
| Examination Committee(s) | Nguyen Thi Kim Oanh;Thammarat Koottatep; |
| Scholarship Donor(s) | Royal Thai Government Fellowship; |
| Degree | Thesis (M. Eng.) - Asian Institute of Technology, 2020 |